MediAI

  Why CT Raises Suspicion but MRI Establishes the Diagnosis: A Radiologist's Perspective on Imaging, Differential Diagnosis, and Modern Clinical Management Abstract Headache and seizure are among the most common neurological presentations encountered in emergency departments and outpatient clinics. While the majority are attributable to benign disorders such as migraine or metabolic disturbances, a small but clinically significant proportion arises from occult cerebrovascular malformations. Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), commonly referred to as cavernoma or cavernous angioma, represents one of the most prevalent low-flow vascular malformations of the brain. Although frequently asymptomatic, these lesions possess an intrinsic tendency toward recurrent microhemorrhage, which may lead to seizures, focal neurological deficits, chronic headaches, or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Unlike arteriovenous malformations, cavernomas are angiographically occult and frequently over...

 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES): A Comprehensive Clinical and Imaging Review with a Case of Cyclosporine-Induced PRES in IgA Nephropathy Keywords: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PRES, cyclosporine neurotoxicity, IgA nephropathy, FLAIR MRI, vasogenic edema, neuroimaging, hypertension-related brain injury Introduction Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a neurotoxic clinical–radiological entity characterized by acute neurological symptoms and distinctive neuroimaging findings, typically affecting the parieto-occipital regions. Although “reversible” is in its name, delayed recognition or inappropriate management can lead to permanent neurological deficits or death. This posting presents an in-depth expert-level review of PRES, including cause, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging features, treatment, and prognosis, supported by a real-world case of cyclosporine-induced PRES in a patient with...