MediAI

  Keywords: Plasmacytoma, Solitary Plasmacytoma, Extramedullary Plasmacytoma, Skull Tumor, Plasma Cell Neoplasm, CT Imaging, Cranial Mass, Oncology, Radiology, Hematologic Malignancy   Abstract Plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell neoplasm characterized by monoclonal proliferation of terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. Unlike multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma typically presents as a solitary mass in bone or soft tissue. This article provides an in-depth expert-level review of plasmacytoma, incorporating pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, advanced imaging characteristics, differential diagnosis, diagnostic strategies, therapeutic approaches, and prognosis. A representative case involving a painless scalp mass with destructive cranial involvement is presented, accompanied by radiologic interpretation and surgical management insights. Finally, clinical quiz questions and evidence-based references are included to enhance understanding and knowledge retent...

  Introduction to Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO) Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a frequent and potentially life-threatening surgical emergency.  While many cases result from postoperative adhesions, a specific and dangerous subtype known as closed-loop small bowel obstruction requires immediate clinical recognition.  When associated with an internal hernia , the risk of strangulation and bowel ischemia increases exponentially.  This column explores the intricate details of small bowel obstruction, closed loop related to an internal hernia , focusing on imaging diagnosis and surgical management. Pathophysiology of Closed-Loop Obstruction A closed-loop obstruction occurs when a segment of the bowel is occluded at two adjacent points along its course .  This creates a "U" or "C" shaped incarcerated segment where gas and fluid accumulate but have no means of escape. In the context of an internal hernia , the bowel protrudes through a mesenteric defect—either con...

  Epidural Hemorrhage (EDH), also known as an epidural hematoma, represents a critical and potentially devastating form of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is characterized by the accumulation of blood in the potential space between the inner surface of the skull and the outermost layer of the brain's covering, the dura mater. This condition demands immediate recognition and neurosurgical intervention to prevent catastrophic neurological deficits or death. Understanding the pathophysiology , clinical presentation , and characteristic imaging features is paramount for all clinicians, particularly those managing acute trauma.   Pathophysiology of Epidural Hemorrhage The primary mechanism leading to EDH is a severe head injury , typically involving a skull fracture . The force of the trauma often causes a tear in the underlying vascular structures, most commonly the middle meningeal artery (MMA) or one of its branches, which traverses the temporal bone. While venous s...