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ADEM (Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis): MRI Diagnosis, CT Imaging Findings, Differential Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment

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  A Child Who Suddenly Could No Longer Walk Imagine being a healthy 10-year-old child. No chronic illness. No neurological disease. No significant medical history. Then, over only one week, your legs become weak. Walking becomes impossible. You begin experiencing numbness. Soon afterward, urinary retention develops. This alarming clinical scenario represents one of the most challenging emergency diagnoses in pediatric neuroradiology. The disease? Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Although rare, ADEM is a neurological emergency because delayed recognition may lead to irreversible neurological injury. Fortunately, modern medical imaging , especially MRI , enables radiologists to identify characteristic inflammatory demyelinating lesions before permanent damage occurs. The present case illustrates how radiology, pathology, and multidisciplinary treatment converge to establish the diagnosis and guide life-saving therapy. The patient's presentation, imaging findings, cerebros...
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Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia Explained: CT & MRI Diagnosis, Posterior Circulation Stroke Risk, and Modern Radiology Interpretation

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  Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia: The Hidden Cerebrovascular Variant Every Radiologist Should Recognize Imagine a healthy 37-year-old professional who experiences repeated episodes of dizziness while working at a computer. Sometimes the room appears to spin. Occasionally, severe migraine-like headaches develop without warning. Routine blood tests are normal. Ear examinations reveal nothing remarkable. Several clinic visits led to reassurance that stress is probably responsible. Months later, advanced medical imaging uncovers the true explanation—not a tumor, not multiple sclerosis, and not an obvious stroke, but a congenital vascular variant that many patients carry throughout life without ever knowing. That condition is Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia (VAH). Although traditionally regarded as a benign anatomical variation, increasing evidence suggests that VAH may reduce posterior circulation reserve and contribute to symptoms in selected patients, particularly when combined with vascul...
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