MediAI

Keywords: Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, thyroid ultrasound, thyroid inferno, autoimmune thyroid disease, Doppler ultrasound, thyrotoxicosis, thyroid imaging, endocrinology, nuclear medicine, orbitopathy, differential diagnosis, treatment guidelines, prognosis, clinical cases Abstract Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide and represents a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by diffuse thyroid hyperplasia, increased vascularity, and excessive hormone production. This comprehensive, expert-level review integrates advanced pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, state-of-the-art imaging features, diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, evidence-based treatment, prognosis, and long-term management based on the most authoritative and recent global literature. All attached diagnostic ultrasound images are fully incorporated and interpreted.  1. Introduction: Global Perspective on Graves Disease Graves' diseas...