Large Artery Intracranial Occlusive Disease (LAICOD) — A Comprehensive Review
Introduction Large Artery Intracranial Occlusive Disease ( LAICOD ) is one of the most significant yet often under-recognized cerebrovascular disorders contributing to ischemic stroke worldwide. Also frequently referred to as intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) or intracranial stenosis , LAICOD involves pathological narrowing or occlusion of major arteries within the brain, including the intracranial segments of the internal carotid artery (ICA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), vertebral artery, and basilar artery. LAICOD is a leading cause of ischemic stroke, especially in Asian, Hispanic, and African populations, and confers a high risk of recurrence even after treatment. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, imaging features, and management of LAICOD is essential for clinicians, neuroradiologists, and trainees preparing for board examinations. Epidemiology and Risk Factors LAICOD accounts for a substan...